Polkadot's JAM 波卡的 JAM（双语）lg...

Polkadot Virtual Machine (PVM)波卡虚拟机（PVM）

The PVM is based on the RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), valued for its simplicity and flexibility. RISC-V offers several benefits:PVM 基于 RISC-V 指令集架构 (ISA)，因其简单性和灵活性而受到重视。 RISC-V 具有多项优势：

• Easily transpiled into common hardware formats such as x86, x64, and ARM.轻松转换为常见硬件格式，例如 x86、x64 和 ARM。

• Strong support from tools like LLVM.来自 LLVM 等工具的强大支持。

The PVM emphasizes simplicity and security, being sandboxable and providing various execution guarantees. It is deterministic, consensus-sensitive, and friendly to metering, avoiding the complexity found in other VMs.PVM强调简单性和安全性，可沙箱化并提供各种执行保证。它具有确定性、共识敏感且易于计量，避免了其他虚拟机中的复杂性。

Advantages over WASM: 相对于 WASM 的优点：

• WASM, while optimized for web use, struggles with stack management and continuations.WASM 虽然针对 Web 使用进行了优化，但在堆栈管理和延续方面遇到了困难。

• RISC-V places the stack in memory, handling continuations naturally without extra complexity.RISC-V 将堆栈放置在内存中，自然地处理连续性，无需额外的复杂性。

• PVM achieves excellent execution speeds on conventional hardware (x64 and ARM), offering advantages like free metering compared to WASM.PVM 在传统硬件（x64 和 ARM）上实现了出色的执行速度，与 WASM 相比具有免费计量等优势。

RISC-V-enabled Continuations:支持 RISC-V 的延续：

• Facilitates scalable coding on multi-core platforms like JAM.促进 JAM 等多核平台上的可扩展编码。

• Asynchronous, parallelized architectures are crucial for scalability in hardware, software, blockchain, and consensus algorithms.异步并行架构对于硬件、软件、区块链和共识算法的可扩展性至关重要。

SAFROLE 黄樟素

SAFROLE is a simplified block production algorithm derived from SASSAFRAS. It:SAFROLE 是源自 SASSAFRAS 的简化区块生产算法。它：

• Is minimally opinionated to maximize potential future use cases.尽量减少固执己见，以最大化未来的潜在用例。

• Aims to follow the Ethereum yellow paper model for wide implementation and expertise dissemination.旨在遵循以太坊黄皮书模型进行广泛实施和专业知识传播。

SAFROLE Features: 黄樟素特点：

• SNARK-based, offering constant-time block production and near fork-free operation.基于 SNARK，提供恒定时间区块生产和近乎无分叉的操作。

• Anonymity ensures the security of block production, preventing spam.匿名性保证了区块生产的安全性，防止垃圾邮件。

Networking 联网

JAM uses the QUIC protocol, enabling direct connections between validators. This avoids gossip protocols as JAM doesn't handle transactions. Grid-diffusal is used for broader distribution, arranging validators in a grid for efficient package delivery.JAM 使用 QUIC 协议，实现验证器之间的直接连接。这避免了闲聊协议，因为 JAM 不处理事务。网格扩散用于更广泛的分发，将验证器排列在网格中以实现高效的包交付。

Efficient Block Processing高效的块处理

JAM adopts a unique approach by placing the prior state root in the block header, allowing:JAM 采用独特的方法，将先前的状态根放置在块头中，从而允许：

• Lightweight computations (5% of the block's workload) to be executed immediately.立即执行轻量级计算（块工作负载的 5%）。

• The remaining 95% of computations to be completed afterward.其余95%的计算稍后完成。

• More efficient use of block time, improving computation time significantly over traditional setups.更有效地利用块时间，比传统设置显着缩短计算时间。

Architectural Differences: JAM vs. Relay Chain架构差异：JAM 与中继链

JAM fixes more functionality elements compared to the relay chain, making upgrades challenging but optimizing performance. Key differences include:与中继链相比，JAM 修复了更多功能元素，这使得升级具有挑战性，但优化了性能。主要区别包括：

• Fixed parameters enable network topology and timing optimizations.固定参数可实现网络拓扑和时序优化。

• Flexibility in application-level functionalities like coretime sales, staking, and governance managed within services.应用程序级功能的灵活性，例如服务内管理的核心时间销售、质押和治理。

• A non-upgradable chain reduces complexity.不可升级的链降低了复杂性。

JAM Toaster 果酱烤面包机

A comprehensive test environment designed for large-scale trials and performance assessments of JAM, addressing challenges in understanding network dynamics at scale.专为 JAM 大规模试验和性能评估而设计的综合测试环境，解决大规模理解网络动态方面的挑战。

JAM and Substrate 果酱和基材

Benchmarks vs. Metering: 基准与计量：

• JAM's metered system can often replace frequent benchmarking.JAM 的计量系统通常可以取代频繁的基准测试。

• Benchmarking remains relevant for performance enhancements and tasks requiring extended execution times.基准测试仍然与性能增强和需要延长执行时间的任务相关。

Cross-Chain Message Passing (XCMP)跨链消息传递（XCMP）

JAM mandates full XCMP support for efficient data transmission between parachains, overcoming limitations of HRMP.JAM 要求全面的 XCMP 支持，以实现平行链之间的高效数据传输，从而克服 HRMP 的局限性。

Accords 协议

Accords are multi-instance smart contracts enabling direct, trustless interactions between parachains, enhancing token transfers and message integrity.Accords 是多实例智能合约，可在平行链之间实现直接、无需信任的交互，从而增强代币传输和消息完整性。

Enhancements and Compatibility in JAMJAM 的增强和兼容性

JAM maintains compatibility with Polkadot 1 parachains while introducing significant enhancements:JAM 保持了与 Polkadot 1 平行链的兼容性，同时引入了重大增强功能：

• Streamlined benchmarking.简化的基准测试。

• Multi-instance accords for governing parachain interactions.用于管理平行链交互的多实例协议。

• Full XCMP support. 完整的 XCMP 支持。

• Agile Coretime targeting for efficient resource allocation.敏捷的 Coretime 目标是实现高效的资源分配。

来源：金色财经